Essay about What is Parkinsons Disease - 1415 Words

Introduction Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting primarily the patient’s motor function. The disease is characterized by rigidity, tremor at rest, bradykinesis, and decreased postural reflexes (Bollinger, Cowan, LaFontaine, Ronai, 2012). Parkinson disease was largely documented and brought to the forefront by James Parkinson, who published an article discussing the condition in 1817 (Lees, 2007). While great strides in understanding and treatment have been made, Parkinson disease is still considered an idiopathic disease (Lau Breteler, 2006). Many areas of the disease process have been noted, but no one has been marked as the primary causative process, as well as little has been solidified in diagnostic procedures†¦show more content†¦The substantia nigra is where the neurotransmitter dopamine is made by cells. Neurons between the substantia nigra and the stratum send messages via dopamine. As the cells of the sustantia nigra deteriorate in Parkinsons so d oes the levels of dopamine in the brain, which is necessary for sending messages to other areas of the brain for movement control (Obeso, Rodrà ­guez†Oroz, Benitez†Temino, Blesa, Guridi, Marin, Rodriguez, 2008). The decrease in dopamine production also changes the dopamine to acetylcholine relationship in the brain, which the striatum require to function properly. While the striatum is very complex system which involves signal suppression and enhancement within the brain, the altered ratio of dopamine and acetylcholine can cause some tracts to be under suppressed and over suppressed (Obeso, Rodrà ­guez†Oroz, Benitez†Temino, Blesa, Guridi, Marin, Rodriguez, 2008). The degradation of the cells in the basal ganglia cause is unknown, but many suggest pesticide exposure, serious consecutive brain injury and possible genetic factors. Lewy Bodies Another major component of Parkinson’s is the development of Lewy bodies in degenerating neurons of the brainstem (Wakabayashi, Tanji, Odagiri, Miki, Mori, Takahashi, 2013). These Lewy bodies are formed by alpha-synuclein bodies. These bodies are loosely understood to be protein aggregates that form in the substania nigra primarily but also in other areas of the brain stemShow MoreRelatedParkinson s Disease Is A Motor System Disorder Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagesmillion people worldwide suffer from Parkinson’s disease. The number of individual’s with Parkinson’s increases by at least sixty thousand per year in America. Although the Parkinson’s disease has been around for thousand of years, it was not officially recognized until 1817 by a Dr. James Parkinson. Dr. James Parkinson clearly stated in his paper An Essay on the Shaking Palsy symptoms of Parkinson’s that are still recognized today as markers for the disease. Even though he wrote that paper in 1817Read MoreEssay about Advances in Parkinson’s Disease1345 Words   |  6 Pagesall affected by one disease (Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, Statistics). That disease is Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s takes away little things like movement that many of us take for granted. Lives are changed because of Parkinson’s, but there is hope. Through medical breakthroughs discovered in recent years, my grandpa and many others suffering from Parkinson’s disease have a chance at a better life. History of Parkinson’s Disease Signs or symptoms of Parkinson’s disease have been recordedRead MoreThe Cause of Parkinsons Disease Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesParkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s disease is a â€Å"neurodegenerative disorder of the basal nuclei due to insufficient secretion of the neurotransmitter dopamine† (Marieb Hoehn, 2013, p. G-17). The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but many factors play a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease. One factor that has been found in an individual who has Parkinson’s disease causes over activity of targeted dopamine-deprived basal nuclei. This over activity is caused by the breakdown of neuronsRead MoreComparison Of Parkinsons Alley By Christopher Hitchens And Parkinsons Disease1203 Words   |  5 PagesWhat would the world look like if there was no such thing as an illness? Thousands of people each and every day would be saved. Illnesses destroy families all across the globe. In the articles â€Å"Parkinson’s Alley† by Joy Horowitz, and â€Å"Topic of Cancer† by Christopher Hitchens, the authors explain the fact that the causes for cance r and Parkinson’s disease are not proven to be known. Joy Horowitz also points out; more and more research is being done each day to better the understanding of these terribleRead MoreParkinson s Disease : A Disease1196 Words   |  5 PagesParkinson’s disease Chase J Fowler Missouri Southern State University â€Æ' What is Parkinson’s disease (PD)? Parkinson’s is a disease that causes the nervous system to degenerate which means that person’s health is declining mentally, physically, and morally. Parkinson’s causes a loss in balance, which is the cause for most of the falls. These falls lead to the most injuries a Parkinson’s patient has; whether it be fractures or concussions. It causes a loss in muscle movement and muscle control. PatientsRead MoreSymptoms of Parkinsons Disease Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesSymptoms of Parkinsons Disease Parkinsons Disease is a degenerative disorder of the nervous system. Parkinsons is a disease that may happen in younger people, but the risk mainly increases with age. This is because many of the cellular systems in the brain are difficult to renew by themselves while there are trillions of nerve cells in the brain to compensate for the loss of these cells. For example, in Parkinsons disease the symptoms are caused by the selective loss of a small populationRead More Parkinson’s Disease and Medical Treatment Options Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesParkinson’s Disease and Medical Treatment Options For many 50 year olds, tasks such as writing or walking can be easily preformed without much attention. In fact, the term â€Å"task† seems to stress that there is a greater level of effort than is truly exerted in order for the average person to perform these actions. However, for a patient of Parkinson’s Disease who is diagnosed on average at the age of 50, these every day activities take a great deal of time, attention, and effort to be preformedRead MoreThe Disease Of Parkinson s Disease1077 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper is limited to Parkinson’s Disease. Parkinson’s Disease was thoroughly researched and will be described in depth including: physiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, therapeutic measures, and short vs. long term effects. Keywords: Parkinson’s Disease, dopamine, diagnosis, symptoms Parkinson’s, a Central Nervous System Disorder Since becoming a nursing student I have learned about several diseases and disorders. When hearing the term, â€Å"disease† one might imagine suchRead MoreThe Symptoms and Signs of Parkinson’s Disease650 Words   |  3 PagesParkinson’s disease is a disorder of the nervous system that progressively gets worse. The breaking down of certain neurons causes Parkinson’s. Many symptoms are due the lack of dopamine, which is produced by some neurons. It may just start with tremors in one hand but will commonly grow and cause stiff or slow movement. There are no cures for Parkinson’s but there are medications you can take to improve different symptoms. Dealing with Parkinson’s can also be hard on the individual and their familyRead MoreParkinson s Disease As A Medical Condition1437 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s disease has been known about since ancient times. In AD 175, the physician Galen described it as â€Å"shaking palsy† in W estern medical literature. It wasn’t until 1817 that a London doctor, named James Parkinson, wrote a detailed medical essay on this disease. This essay established Parkinson’s disease as a recognized medical condition. He based the essay off of six cases he had observed previously and hoped that it would encourage others to study the disease. No such research was performed

Encourage audience sympathy for John Proctor Essay Example For Students

Encourage audience sympathy for John Proctor Essay John Proctor is a flawed man; he committed an adulterous affair, with a young girl, Abigail Williams, whilst she was working in his home, and while his wife was pregnant with his child. But, despite this, we still sympathise with John Proctor. Throughout the play, we come to see that Proctor is truly determined to atone for his sins, and feels desperately guilty.  Proctor has many admirable qualities: he is honest, reliable, loyal, supportive, and he always puts his family first. But, he also has many weaknesses, and it is these weaknesses that eventually mark his death. He is easily angered, and head strong, he doesnt think of the consequences and he is single-minded. He flouts Puritan expectations by working on Sundays, and when Hale asks him what the ten commandments are, he cant recite them and we also discover his third child has not been baptised, due to his on running feud with the village reverend, Rev. Samuel Parris. However, the biggest flaw he possesses is his incapability to resist temptation. This, is the subtle undertone of the whole play, and is, along with his pride and honesty, is the reason why he is hanged. The village of Salem is small and puritanical society. Pleasure and leisure are seen as wrong and unnecessary, as well as working on a Sunday. They have very strict religious beliefs, and anyone seen to be flouting the expectations of the religion and of the village was severely dealt with. Salem was governed by a corrupt authority who only thought of themselves. Which ties into what Miller wrote The Crucible for, an historic allegory of the McCarthy witch hunts against communism in America. From reading Millers stage directions, we are given the impression of John Proctor as a powerful, strong minded man, powerful of body, not easily led. This leads us to think Proctor is a strong, steady character, but as we shall see, the steady manner he displays does not spring from an untroubled soul, this suggests Proctor is a troubled man, but no hint of this has appeared on the surface. Before we even meet Proctor we aware of his insecurities. Miller probably did this so we dont just see him as strong, powerful, hard face man but look at him with an element of sympathy. It is important to Miller that we sympathise with Proctor, as he plays the innocent victim, corrupted by Abigail, who represents capitalism. He needs the audience to take his side and appreciate his view of how terrible capitalism and McCarthyism is. When Proctor arrives, he immediately is disbelieving of the witchcraft rumours. The other characters respect and admire him, Putnam hates him, Abigail is in love with him and the other girls fear him, but at the same time are in awe of him. Despite Proctors many flaws he draws admiration from everyone else in the village, even those who dont like him, such as Putnam and Parris. Proctor and Putnam dont get along because Proctor believes Putnam is trying to wrongfully claim his and other peoples land. Proctor says to Putnam, This society will not be a bag to swing around your head. This shows although Proctor dislikes Putnam he does so for the right reasons, he believes Putnam is taking from the society of Salem and Proctor is protecting the interests of the other villagers, and he is also showing his honest side. On the other hand, Proctor challenges and breaks the rules by working on Sundays, and this is offensive to the other villagers, especially the more religious of the community. Proctor also dislikes Reverend Parris and makes his feelings clear; I see no light of god in that man. Again, Proctor may be doing the wrong thing by not attending church and criticising the minister, but he has strong beliefs and he stands by them, and he refuses to believe what he cant see; first, that Parris is a good, holy man, and later in the play, that people in the community are practising witchcraft. Nevertheless, all of his intentions are good, and with all of his actions, he is trying to do the right thing by everyone. .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b , .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b .postImageUrl , .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b , .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b:hover , .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b:visited , .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b:active { border:0!important; } .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b:active , .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u643a66765f33a51fcffd8c39c884d77b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Let me go; take back thy gift" The poem 'Tithonus' is based on a Greek myth about Tithonus EssayProctors worst sin was his adulterous affair with 17 year old Abigail Williams. Not only did he awaken her sexuality, he exposed her to the pretence and hypocrisy in Salem. At the same time he betrayed his wife, Although he did confess, he will never be able to forgive himself, and this tears him apart. Strong well respected characters such as the Nurses and Coreys have a great deal of respect and admiration for Proctor, signifying that he must be a good man to have their respect, but Proctor no longer has any self respect. Proctor is one of the only adults in Salem not being ca ught up the lies and deceit of the girls. This is partly because of his level-headed nature, but also because of his cynicism towards Abigail, as he knows her too well to believe what she is saying. He stays strong and does his utmost to dispel the rumours. Proctors affair with Abigail leaves her yearning for him, I look for the John Proctor that took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart. She is a young girl who has lost her first love and will go to any lengths to get him back. John Proctor is an individual living in a conformist society, which is inevitably going to cause problems, especially in a strict theocracy, like Salem. This is because he doesnt like to be told what to do and is not afraid to speak his mind, even if there are consequences for him.